Lupine Publishers | Journal of Nanomedicine
Abstract
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Nanotechnology is
undergoing a vast expansion in materials science, Research and Development.
Nano scientists are focusing on synthesis and development of nanoparticles,
nanomaterials, and bio nano composite materials. The drug delivery is also a
recent development where in bio nano materials are being used for diagnosis of
the various diseases. The synthesis of nanomaterials at large scale causes
health risk due to the exposure via inhalation, skin contacts and ingestion;
based on the characterisation of bio nano materials. The use of bio
nanomaterials in drug delivery as well as the environment exposure during the
large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials, the bio nanomaterials into human
body.The exact mechanisms, chemical reactivity and enzymatic reaction is not
well understood, documented, and studied. Therefore, the intake bio
nanomaterials via drug delivery or environment exposure amounts to health risk
and need to be studied in detail.
Introduction
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Nanosciences and
Nanotechnology is the study and use of nanomaterials falls in the range of
0.1nm to 100nm which corresponds to 0.2nm- water molecule, 7nm-haemoglobin,
10-100nm - virus, -1μm - microbial cells and >2μm - protozoa. The
synthesized and developed nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and Bio nanomaterials
are being used in various fields. The recent advances in the field of material
sciences include the synthesis of Bio nano material for use in drug delivery.
Bio nanotechnology companies are designing drugs for various diseases such as
heart disease, kidney stones, and cancer cosmetic generic products using a
short fragment of DNA as a new type of drugs. These drugs are assembled in nano
chips and as nanoparticles for delivering into human body and are effective in
using the sick/diseased and healing the injuries. Bio nano products are
diverged as bio chip and Nano medicine, bio nanotechnology products which
include Nano medicine, nano material, micro detectors, Nano sensors and herbal
medicine [1].
Drug nano crystals are
particles made from 100% drug; typically, surfactants or polymeric steric
stabilizers stabilize them. These particles possess a 100% drug loading in
contrast to matrix nanoparticles consisting of a polymeric matrix (polymeric
nanoparticles or a lipidic matrix i.e. Nano emulsions, liposomes | or lipid
nanoparticles. Thus, the high loading makes them very efficient in transporting
drug to or into cells, reaching a sufficiently high therapeutic concentration
for the pharmacological effect [4-8].
Health Risk
The scientific evidence
demonstrates the potential for nano material to be toxic to the humans or the
environment; therefore, synthesis of nanoparticles and bio nano composites and
their use causes health risk due to intake – drug delivery and environment
exposure that need to be studied before making the wider application of bio
nanomaterials. The smaller a particle, the greater it’s surface area to volume
ratio and the higher its chemical reactivity and biological activity. The
extremely small size of nanomaterials also means that they are more rapidly
taken up by the human body than larger sized particles. Nanomaterials can enter
into the body through inhalation, ingestion or skin contacts. Nanomaterials are
able to cross biological membranes and access cell tissues and organs. The greater
chemical reactivity of nanomaterials results in increased production of
reactive oxygen species, including free radicals. Reactive oxygen species and
free radical product is one of the primary mechanisms of nanoparticles
toxicity. Other properties of nanomaterials that influence toxicity include
chemical composition, shape, surface structure, surface charge, aggregation and
solubility and the presence or absence of functional groups of other chemicals
[9-11].
Mode of entry of Nano particle:
The Nano particle
ranges between 1nm to 100nm which can enter into the body through inhalation,
skin contact and ingestion. The synthesis of nano particle at large scale will
cause exposure through these routes.
a. Inhalation:
Inhalation is the most
important route for the intake of airborne nano particle. Depending on the
size, particles are trapped in mucous layer and alveoli. For nano particle the
position is more complex. Particles of 1 micron diameter or more tend to be
deposited, but only those less than 7.0 microns, deposit deep inside the lungs.
Those more than 7.0 micron deposit in the conductive airways. Particles in size
less than 0.1 micron deposit in the alveolus. Most of the particles between 0.1
and 0 micron size are exhaled. The pattern and depth of breathing and irritant
effects of inhaled material may alter the deposition of particles and may
remain permanently within the lung tissue.
b. Skin contact:
The large scale
synthesis of nano particles in industry for wider application will cause
exposure of nano particle through skin absorption; the penetration of nano
particle through skin occurs via lipids and dissolved material. Lipid
solubility and molecular size are the most important factors, so that higher
lipid solubility and small molecular size enhance penetration through skin.
Abrasion and irritation also encourage penetration. This route is particularly
important for organic solvents and can occur in a number of ways.
(i) Direct absorption
through wounds or abrasions.
(ii) Degreasing of the
skin followed by absorption of the degreasing agents.
(iii) Degreasing of the
skin allowing absorption of other chemicals.
(iv) Sensitisation,
local and general.
b. Skin contact:
Ingestion of nano
materials during the process of synthesis may result from the contaminated
object into the mouth. Ingestion of toxic substance along with food in the
workroom occurs where housekeeping is not good, or where workers are careless
to nano particles in their clothes, or wash their hands with soap. If the toxic
nano dust swallowed with food or saliva is not soluble in body fluids, it is
eliminated directly through the intestinal tract. Toxic materials that are
readily soluble in body fluids are absorbed in the digestive system and
circulated by the blood. Compared with inhalation and skin absorption,
ingestion, plays a minor role in the absorption of toxic materials in
industries [2-3].
Toxicity of Nanomaterials
The intake of bio
nanomaterials in human body undergoes biochemical mechanism and enzymatic
interaction and height cause. Toxicity of nano particles depending on nature of
chemical used for the synthesis, type of precursor, concentration of precursor,
duration of exposure, personal susceptibility, and mode of entry, size of nano
particle, environmental factors, and threshold limit value.
Conclusion
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The drug delivery is
one of the routes for treating diagnosis using the bio nano material. The exact
fate of bio chemical reactivity, enzymatic interaction is not well understood
and studied and might lead to toxicity similar to that of exposure of nano
material through inhalation, skin contact and ingestion. Therefore, synthesis
of nano particle, bio nano composite, their use and environmental exposure need
to be studied before making the wider application for the diagnosis of disease
using bio nano materials. The detail of physico chemical characteristics,
stability of nanomaterials and their specification to target organs as human
body system need data base scientific research.
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